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You can’t do it after prayer or every day. It should be only done when something special happens that doesn’t happen every time such as a successful surgery for a loved one.

If this person didn’t pray at all for 20 years and he didn’t offer any kind of prayer while living among Muslims, he is not Muslim. But if he prayed off and on, he is Muslim and you can ask Allah for forgiveness for him and make Du’ah for him and that is it.

When you finish your Du’ah you put down your finger.

In silent prayers, the sunnah is to recite it silently. In loud prayers, the Sunnah is to recite it loudly. All the other athkar such as duah should be silent.

This is encouraged and recommended by the Prophet salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam.

You can look at your index finger or the place of prostration.

All those living in the vicinity of the masjid must pray in it if they are male. It is about two km from it

The Sunnah is to recite another Surah with the Fatiha but if you don’t, your prayer is complete and correct.

This is in reference to what they used to do when sitting for tashahud and before offering salam. They used to raise their palms.

Yes, it is correct.