ANSWER: If you immediately remember it or within the span of a minute or two, standup and offer what was missing and then offer 2 prostrations of forgetfulness after the salam and then offer another salam  But if it is longer than this, repeat the prayer.

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ANSWER: If he remembers immediately after finishing, he must stand up and offer one more rakah as his first whole rakah was invalid due to missing pillar.  So he stands up, recites the fatiha, makes ruku and two prostrations and then sits for final tashahud, offers salam, then offers 2 prostrations of forgetfulness and then […]

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ANSWER: There is no sunnah of 4 before or after Isha! The most authentic opinion is that all voluntary prayers should be prayed 2+2

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