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You must attend the prayers from the very beginning and attend the Khutba as well even if you don’t understand it. It is recommended to go to a masjid that speaks your language. The earlier you come to the masjid, the greater your reward is.

The prayers missed without any legitimate reason are gone and can’t be made up. She has to repent and ask Allah for forgiveness.

You have to pray Fajr on the plane and you can’t postpone it until sunrise. Therefore, you should observe the break of dawn and pray it before sunrise.

This is true if you are traveling from your hometown to another city. If this is the case, you can shorten prayers and combine them at the time of Thuhur or Asr up to your convenient.

Your friend’s method is safer though what you had done is accepted as well.

There is no limited number as long one doesn’t pray: a. After Fajr b. After Asr c. Between Athan and Iqamah of Fajr

Yes.

The minimum is 2 and there is no maximum

It is an issue of dispute among scholars. There isn’t a clear cut evidence where it should be put. Therefore, both opinions are correct. I personally choose to put it on the chest as this evidence is stronger in my opinion.

Yes, you did wrong and you have to pray the prayer again because you have left one of the pillars of prayer and that is to pray standing up while being able to do so. You should have prayed with the other sisters.