Prayer

This intention is good as long as it is not a pledge you make on yourself because this is not recommended.  

He doesn’t have to do that for one or both ears. It is recommended in some schools of thought because is makes the sound louder.

Yes,if they were muslims.

Yes

There is no problem. He is exempted from it.

He should return the salam if he hears it.

Ishraq is a form of Duha prayer but it has more conditions and reward than Duha. It has to be prayed in the masjid by someone who prayed Fajr in the masjid and then remained in the masjid making thikr until 15 minutes after sunrise and then prayed these two rak’ah. Allah will reward him […]

If you can quickly finish your prayer just in time to join the Imam before he offers the first takbeer, you should continue you prayer. Otherwise, interrupt it.

Dua’a should be done after saying the thikr. It can be said in Fard and voluntary prayers as well.

  A prayer mat is a mat like any other mat. It is not sacred or should be respected. Therefore, you can throw it without any problem.