Prayer

No, you are not because only Fard is mandatory and the rest is voluntary. However, calamities, stress and problems can only go when we are at good terms with Allah and this is done by offering voluntary deeds.

No, you shouldn’t.

No, one should only prostrate once out of gratitude.

It is Sunnah to recite it but it is not mandatory.

If a person enters the masjid after the athan or while the Imam is delivering the Khutba, he must not sit down before praying 2 Rak’ah. This is the instruction of our Prophet salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam. Yes, even after the adhan and while the imam is delivering the khutba

It is permissible to recite different Surahs different to the order of the Quran. This means that is permissible to recite surah 114 and in the second Rak’ah recite surah 113. This was done by the Prophet salla Allahu alahi wa sallam.

It is not permissible to make up for prayers left intentionally. And Allah knows best

The Sunnah is whenever Eid coincides with Friday, whoever prays Eid has the choice not to pray Friday but he must pray it Thuhur instead. This is what the Prophet salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam instructed his companions with.

You can change your position after finishing the prayer.   وَعَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسلم: ” من قَالَ: لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ لَهُ الْمُلْكُ وَلَهُ الْحَمْدُ وَهُوَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ فِي يَوْمٍ مِائَةَ مَرَّةٍ كَانَتْ لَهُ عَدْلَ عَشْرِ رِقَابٍ وَكُتِبَتْ لَهُ مِائَةُ حَسَنَةٍ وَمُحِيَتْ عَنْهُ مِائَةُ سَيِّئَةٍ وَكَانَتْ لَهُ حِرْزًا مِنَ […]

If you wake up at Mghrib time, you should pray the missed prayer in order and then pray Maghrib, as long as you will pray Maghrib on time. If you are going to pray Maghrib in the masjid, you can pray it first and then pray the missed prayers in order.