ANSWER: There’s no sujood as sahu for this as reciting another surah after fateha is sunnah and not mandatory. Even if you didn’t recite it intentionally, your Salah is still valid, though you have missed out on the reward.

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ANSWER: There’s no difference between a man’s and a woman’s prayer. https://www.assimalhakeem.net/description-of-the-prophets-prayer/

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ANSWER: Raising the finger is an innovation.  There is a specific du’a to be recited immediately after the adhan:  It was narrated from Jabir ibn ‘Abd-Allah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “Whoever says when he hears the call to prayer: […]

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ANSWER: Yes.  You should say it even if the Imam doesn’t say it.

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