ANSWER: He will get some reward for being with the congregation but not the 27 times better than the individual as he didn’t catch the prayer with the Imam which is minimum one rakah.   

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ANSWER: Putting the hands on the chest while standing is a sunnah.

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ANSWER: This is not how istikhara works. Once you make a firm decision, it is then that you pray istikhara. Proceed with your decision and if there is any good in it for you, Allah will facilitate it for you.

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ANSWER: This is permissible only when the area is big and people on the 3rd or 4th row may not hear the Imam. However, now with the mics and loudspeakers, this is not permissible. 

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ANSWER: Allah says: fear Allah to the best of your ability.  If he does his best, Allah will accept his prayers even if he doesn’t perform wudhu or clean himself in the case he had no one to assist him.

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ANSWER: No, this is not compulsory, though it’s highly recommended and Prophet salla Allahu Alaihi wa sallam never used to miss this and the witr even while traveling.  You would lose a great deal of reward if you don’t pray the sunnah prayers but you’re not sinful and your prayers are still valid.

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