Prayer

You must say the prescribed dua in Arabic, then you make any du’a you want in your native language if  you don’t know how to say in Arabic. It can be said in sujood but not in ruku.

In such case, you can cut the salah and bring yourself to safety.

The most authentic opinion is that the Sunnah is 2 + 2.

Surely a woman can and must not lead in prayer while men would be praying behind her. Believing that this is permissible may nullify a person’s Islam! Their prayer is void and rejected and they are trying to undermine Islam.

It is Sunnah, when pointing, to look at your finger from the time you sit till the end.

If you are a woman and it’s done by accident, this is okay. You must immediately cover your hair properly. If the hair is not yours, it has no effect on the prayer.

You can do that before or as you enter the masjid. Kindly refer to the following link(s): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx-cg8oHe9g

If you referring to skipping prayer with the congregation, this is permissible when a person is ill.

Men pray Friday in the masjid and they don’t pray thuhur unless they miss the Friday prayers.

This is not sufficient to serve as a sutra and placing a shoe is not permissible, as it is disrespectful.