Prayer

Reciting Surah Fateha is obligatory, the other Surah after that is a Sunnah whether in loud or silent prayers, including Imam. You will be missing out on the reward though if you skip the other Surah. The follower is not allowed to recite anything in loud rakah except the Fatiha. 

You must stop and pray standing up and facing the qibla. If this is not possible, one can pray to the best of his ability.

1.Witr is not fard but rather a highly recommended sunnah which the Prophet salla Allahu aliaihi wa sallam never missed, even during safar. 2. Qunoot in Witr is not mandatory and it doesn’t require sujood as sahu if missed.

There’s no difference between a man’s and a woman’s prayer.

No problem if they’re clean. If you’re a man then you have to change and then go to the masjid.

Whenever you enter the masjid, you must join the Imam regardless of the position he is in. If you manage to perform ruku while he is in ruku, this Rakah is valid.

This depends when Fajr is due. You must not depend on the Hanafi timetable as their Fajr and Asr are wrong and not according to the sunnah.

Yes.

You don’t have to offer your sujud on a cushion, but you must make your sujud by bending more than ruku’ while placing your hands on your knees.

The man is not sinful as he is not obliged to wait for you, and your salah is valid.